简介：揭开不同笔类背后的故事与技术奇迹
你认识它们吗？
凤髻金泥带，龙纹玉掌梳。走来窗下笑相扶，爱道画眉深浅入时无？ 弄笔偎人久，描花试手初。等闲妨了绣功夫，笑问鸳鸯两字、怎生书？
曾经作为需要奋笔疾书的小学生和中学生，对于笔具都是有一定的需求和要求，否则写作业和考试的时候，会非常不爽！写字时，也曾遇到过断墨、漏墨、不顺滑等问题，后面特意去选购合适的笔具，发现各种类型的笔：毛笔、铅笔、圆珠笔、中性笔、宝珠笔、钢笔、白板笔、直液笔、马克笔、荧光笔、签字笔……
最近又刷到两个视频：
【辟谣】我国一炉笔尖钢，够全世界用几十年，堪称垄断商品终结者 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1vo4y127hr
看公知如何打下圆珠笔的价格 https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Nh4y1u7We
看完，我还是搞不懂。毛笔和铅笔还容易理解，但其他类型的笔都是啥？这些笔的分类从何而来？所以我决心看科普搞明白。知乎上的科普，多又不全面，看不明白。于是乎自己查证一下。
笔是什么？
维基百科给出的解答——
A pen is a common writing instrument that applies ink to a surface, usually paper, for writing or drawing. Early pens such as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens held a small amount of ink on a nib or in a small void or cavity which had to be periodically recharged by dipping the tip of the pen into an inkwell. Today, such pens find only a small number of specialized uses, such as in illustration and calligraphy. Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which were used for writing, have been replaced by ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain pens and felt or ceramic tip pens. Ruling pens, which were used for technical drawing and cartography, have been replaced by technical pens such as the Rapidograph. All of these modern pens contain internal ink reservoirs, such that they do not need to be dipped in ink while writing
笔是一种常见的书写工具，用于在纸或其他表面上涂抹墨水以进行书写或绘画。早期的笔包括芦苇笔、鹅毛笔、蘸水笔和划线笔，它们在笔尖上或者一个小的空腔中储存少量的墨水，需要定期将笔尖蘸入墨水瓶中进行补充。如今，这些笔只在少数专业领域中使用，比如插图和书法。芦苇笔、鹅毛笔和蘸水笔这些用于书写的工具已经被圆珠笔、滚珠笔、钢笔和毡尖或陶瓷尖笔所取代。用于技术绘图和制图的划线笔已经被如 Rapidograph 等技术笔所取代。所有这些现代笔都有内置的墨水储存器，因此在书写时无需蘸墨水。
钢笔，是自来水笔？
我们首先看看老一辈曾用过的“钢笔”，它是个什么东西。维基百科给出以下定义：
A fountain pen is a writing instrument that uses a metal nib to apply water-based ink to paper. It is distinguished from earlier dip pens by using an internal reservoir to hold ink, eliminating the need to repeatedly dip the pen in an inkwell during use. The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits the ink on paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action. Filling the reservoir with ink may be achieved manually, via the use of an eyedropper or syringe, or via an internal filling mechanism that creates suction (for example, through a piston mechanism) or a vacuum to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens employ removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges。
钢笔是一种使用金属笔尖将水性墨水涂抹在纸上的书写工具。它与早期的蘸水笔不同，它使用内部储墨器来容纳墨水，在使用过程中无需反复蘸取墨水。钢笔通过供墨系统从储墨器中吸墨，并通过重力和毛细作用将墨水沉积在纸上。将储墨器注满墨水可以通过手动方式，如使用滴管或注射器，或通过内部填充机构来实现，后者通过吸引力（例如，通过活塞机构）或真空将墨水直接从笔尖传输到储墨器中。有些钢笔采用可拆卸的储墨器，形式上为预装的墨水小盒。
等会……“dip pen”——蘸水笔——又是什么？
A dip pen or nib pen or pen nib usually consists of a metal nib with capillary channels like those of fountain pen nibs, mounted in a handle or holder, often made of wood. Other materials can be used for the holder, including bone, metal and plastic; some pens are made entirely of glass.
Generally dip pens have no ink reservoir, so the user must refill the ink from an ink bowl or bottle to continue drawing or writing. Sometimes a simple tubular reservoir can be clipped to the top of the pen, allowing for several minutes of uninterrupted use. Refilling can be done by dipping into an inkwell, but it is also possible to charge the pen with an eyedropper, a syringe, or a brush, which gives more control over the amount of ink applied. Thus, "dip pens" are not necessarily dipped; many illustrators call them nib pens.
Dip pens emerged in the early 19th century, when they replaced quill pens and,[1] in some parts of the world, reed pens. Dip pens were generally used before the development of fountain pens in the later 19th century, and are now mainly used in illustration, calligraphy, and comics.
While a fountain pen offers the convenience of less frequent refills, the dip pen has certain advantages over a fountain pen. It can use waterproof, pigmented, iron gall ink, particle-and-binder-based inks, such as India ink, drawing ink, and acrylic inks with ease; while fountain pens generally must use water based inks, require thorough and frequent cleaning to prevent clogging when used with pigmented or waterproof inks and may corrode when used with iron gall ink. Dip pen nibs may also corrode when used with iron gall ink but this is not as likely nor as problematic as the nib of a dip pen is often cleaned after each use, and is easily replaced. Dip pens are also more sensitive to variations of pressure and speed, producing a line that naturally varies in thickness.
There is a wide range of exchangeable nibs for dip pens, so different types of lines and effects can be created. The nibs and handles are far cheaper than most fountain pens, and allow color changes much more easily.
蘸水笔，也称笔尖笔，通常由金属笔尖组成，具有类似钢笔笔尖的毛细通道，安装在木制或其他材质的握柄或持笔器上。握柄可以使用其他材料，包括骨头、金属和塑料；有些笔完全由玻璃制成。
一般来说，蘸水笔没有墨水储存器，因此用户必须从墨碗或墨水瓶中重新装满墨水才能继续绘画或书写。有时可以将一个简单的管状储墨器夹在笔尖上，可以连续使用几分钟。可以通过蘸取墨水或使用滴管、注射器或刷子将墨水装入笔尖。后者能更好地控制墨水的用量。因此，“蘸水笔”并不一定需要蘸水；许多插画家称其为笔尖笔。
蘸水笔起源于19世纪初，取代了羽毛笔，在世界某些地区还替代了芦苇笔。在19世纪后期钢笔发展之前，蘸水笔通常被使用，现在主要用于插图、书法和漫画。
虽然钢笔更方便，需要更少频繁的加墨，但蘸水笔在某些方面优于钢笔。它可以轻松使用防水、颜料、铁萃墨水、颗粒与粘合剂基础的墨水（如墨汁、绘画墨水和丙烯酸墨水）；而钢笔通常必须使用水性墨水，在使用颜料或防水墨水时需要彻底而频繁地清洁，使用铁萃墨水时可能发生腐蚀。蘸水笔的笔尖可能会与铁萃墨水发生腐蚀，但这不太可能发生，也不像问题那样严重，因为蘸水笔的笔尖通常在每次使用后清洁，而且容易更换。蘸水笔对于压力和速度的变化更敏感，可以自然地产生线条的不同粗细。
蘸水笔有各种可互换的笔尖，可以创造出不同类型的线条和效果。与大多数钢笔相比，笔尖和握柄要便宜得多，更容易实现颜色的变换。
原来蘸水笔是钢笔的前身！但“自来水笔”又是什么？
我国国标GB/T 26717-2011《自来水笔及其笔尖》给出定义：
圆珠笔和宝珠笔，是两码事！
以下是维基百科对“圆珠笔”的定义——
A ballpoint pen, also known as a biro (British English), ball pen (Hong Kong, Indian and Philippine English), or dot pen (Nepali English), is a pen that dispenses ink (usually in paste form) over a metal ball at its point, i.e. over a "ball point". The metal commonly used is steel, brass, or tungsten carbide. The design was conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to dip pens and fountain pens, and it is now the world's most-used writing instrument; millions are manufactured and sold daily. It has influenced art and graphic design and spawned an artwork genre.
圆珠笔，也被称为比罗笔（英国英语）、圆珠笔（香港、印度和菲律宾英语）或者点彩笔（尼泊尔英语），是一种在其笔尖上通过一个金属球（通常是钢、黄铜或者钨碳合金）释放墨水（通常是糊状墨水）的笔。该设计的构思和开发是为了成为蘸水笔和钢笔的一种更清洁、更可靠的替代品，现在它是世界上使用最广泛的书写工具；每天都有数百万支被制造和销售。它对艺术和平面设计产生了影响，并催生了一种艺术流派。
英国英语中，圆珠笔被称为“比罗笔”
根据国标 GB/T 26714-2019《油墨圆珠笔和笔芯》、GB/T 32017-2019《水性墨水圆珠笔和笔芯》、GB/T 37853-2019《中性墨水圆珠笔和笔芯》，圆珠笔还细分为三种小类。
令人感到诧异的是，我国现行的圆珠笔标准直接改用了日本的国家标准。
自来水笔、圆珠笔、宝珠笔和啫喱笔是常见的四种不同类型的笔。它们在书写方式、墨水类型和书写效果等方面存在一些区别。以下是它们的主要区别：
自来水笔：自来水笔也被称为钢笔或墨水笔。它使用液体墨水作为书写介质，通常是通过一个细小的金属钢笔尖释放墨水。自来水笔需要在使用前装填墨水或使用可更换的墨水盒。它提供流畅、连续的书写体验，并且在书写时需要较少的施力。自来水笔通常用于高质量的书写或艺术创作。
圆珠笔：圆珠笔是一种使用墨水凝胶的笔。它包含一个球形笔尖，墨水通过球头滚动释放到纸上。圆珠笔通常使用膏状的墨水，其干燥速度较快，不易晕染。它可以在各种类型的纸张上书写，并且相对便宜和易于使用。圆珠笔适合日常的快速记事和文件书写。
宝珠笔：宝珠笔是一种使用金属球珠的笔。它和圆珠笔类似，也是通过珠子滚动释放墨水。不同之处在于，宝珠笔使用液体墨水，而不是凝胶墨水。宝珠笔通常具有流畅的书写体验，而且因为使用液体墨水，它可以提供更加饱满的墨水流动。宝珠笔适合那些希望书写流畅且墨水色彩饱和的人。
啫喱笔：啫喱笔也是一种使用墨水凝胶的笔。它使用凝胶状的墨水，并且通常具有更大直径的笔尖。啫喱笔的墨水颜色鲜艳且有光泽，书写流畅。它可以在许多类型的纸张上使用，并且适合绘画和装饰等用途。
总结来说，自来水笔适合高质量的书写和艺术创作，圆珠笔适合日常的快速记事和文件书写，宝珠笔提供流畅的书写体验和饱满的墨水流动，啫喱笔则具有鲜艳的颜色和光泽，适合绘画和装饰等用途。选择哪种笔取决于个人偏好和具体的使用场景。